Coupled Traction Law

The Traction Law

(This documentation is implementation of this law OSParticulas that is coming soon to NairnMPM. The current implementation in NairnMPM is different and should not be used until updated to this new implementation).

This traction law uses either the triangular cohesive law or the exponential cohesive law but couples the normal and tangential displacements by defining an effective displacement. This implementation follows methods derived in a paper by Högberg .

The Högberg effective displacement is defined by

      [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda = \sqrt{\left(\frac{u_n}{\delta_c^{(n)}}\right)^2 +\left(\frac{u_t}{\delta_c^{(t)}}\right)^2} }[/math]

except that COD and traction are now effective terms that are related to normal and tangential components of traction and displacement:

      [math]\displaystyle{ {\rm Traction} = T_{eff} \qquad{\rm where} \qquad T_{eff} = \sqrt{T_n^2+T_t^2} }[/math]

      [math]\displaystyle{ {\rm cod} = \delta_{eff} \qquad{\rm where} \qquad \delta_{eff} = \sqrt{\delta_n^2+\delta_t^2} }[/math]

where T_n and T_t are the normal and tangential tractions and δ_n and δ_t are the normal and tangential CODs.

This law can be expressed using damage mechanics by defining an effective slope of

      [math]\displaystyle{ k_{eff}=(1-D)k }[/math]

where k is the initial slope of the curve and D is a damage parameter. This effective slope describes a line from the origin to the point on the triangular curve corresponding to the maximum displacement seen on the current particle. The effective traction along that line is

      [math]\displaystyle{ T_{eff}=k_{eff}\delta_{eff} }[/math]

The effective stiffness is found using

      [math]\displaystyle{ (1-D)={\delta_{pk}(\delta_c-\delta_{max})\over\delta_{max}(\delta_c-\delta_{pk})} }[/math]

where δc is the critical effective cod and δmax is the maximum effective cod seen on the crack particle, except that it is initialized to the peak cod (δ_pk) at the start of the calculations. By this relation, D = 0 until the effective cod passes the peak cod. Thereafter, D increases from 0 at the peak to 1 at the critical cod. Once D is found, the normal and tangential tractions are:

      [math]\displaystyle{ T_n = k_{eff}\delta_n \qquad {\rm and} \qquad T_t = k_{eff}\delta_t }[/math]

Together, these traction satisfy the effective traction - effective cod law given above. Note that during monotonic loading the traction will remain on the curve. If unloading occurs, however, the tractions follow a line back to the original from the maximum cod.

Failure

Under pure mode I or pure mode II, a coupled traction law and its failure are identical to a triangular traction law. Under mixed-mode conditions, however, the two laws differ and therefore provide two alternatives to modeling of mixed mode behavior. The use of effective terms in this coupled law is proposed to account for mixed mode effects with a single traction law. A potential concern, however, is that this law introduces history dependence in fracture experiments that may contradict observations in real materials.

Alternate Effective Displacement Method

See and

Traction Law Properties

The properties you enter are the same as defined in