Isotropic Phase Field Softening Material
Constitutive Law
In phase field fraction modeling, sharp crack surfaces are replaced by diffuse phase fields. The growth of these diffuse cracks is controlled my energy flow through the material and the material's fracture toughness. This material implements phase field fracture methods using methods described in Miehe [1] and extends it in a few areas.
Phase Field Methods
In phase field fracture model of small-strain elastic materials, the total strain energy is partitioned into damaging, [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(+)} }[/math], and nondamaging, [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(-)} }[/math], terms by
[math]\displaystyle{ \Psi = g(\phi)\Psi^{(+)} + \Psi^{(-)} }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ g(\phi) }[/math] is a damage or softening law that depends on damage parameter [math]\displaystyle{ \phi }[/math] given by a phase value tracked on each material point that varied from 0 for undamaged to 1 for complete damage.
Using a viscous regularization (see Miehe [1]), the phase field evolves by the equation
[math]\displaystyle{ \eta \frac{d\phi}{dt} = G_c \ell \nabla^2\phi - \frac{G_c}{\ell}\phi - g'(\phi)\mathcal{H} }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ G_c }[/math] is toughness, [math]\displaystyle{ \ell }[/math] is a length scale (describing width of diffuse cracks), and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{H} }[/math] is history variable given by [math]\displaystyle{ \max(\Psi^{(+)}) }[/math]. This equation is a diffusion equation that describes evolution of damage driven by damaging energy. The first two terms lead to diffusive cracks that decay exponentially from complete damage state with exponential decay distance determined by [math]\displaystyle{ \ell }[/math]. The last term is a source term to causes crack propagation. In other words, crack propagation of controlled by the methods used to partition energy into [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(+)} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(-)} }[/math].
Simulations using viscous regularization must couple solution of phase field diffusion equation to the material's mechanics calculations. For that to work, all simulations must include a Diffusion command and choose (style) of "fracture. If needed, you can set phase value on the grid using the "fracture" option to define initial damage states. Although you can set phase flux on particle surfaces, such conditions may have few applications with physical meanings.
Energy Partitioning
Final results depend on the method chosen to partition energy into [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(+)} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(-)} }[/math]. A common method for isotropic materials is to use an eigenstrain analysis and partition energy such that [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(+)} }[/math] depends only on tensile principle strains and tensile trace of the strain tensor [1]. The physical interpretation is that only tensile stress cause fracture while compression does not. A weakness of this approach is that shear loading may not respond as expected.
An alternative methods is to partition energy in the pressure and deviatoric strains. Now [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(+)} }[/math] depnds on hydrostatic tension (negative pressure) and deviatoric strain while [math]\displaystyle{ \Psi^{(-)} }[/math] depends only on positive pressure and does not promote fracture.
This material supports both these options and can be selected with the partition material property.
Phase Field Softening Law
The vast majority of phase field fracture papers set [math]\displaystyle{ g(d) = (1-d)^2 }[/math] under the misunderstood concept that [math]\displaystyle{ g'(1) }[/math] needs to be zero to stopp dissipating energy. In dynamic codes, any [math]\displaystyle{ g(d) }[/math] can be used provided [math]\displaystyle{ d }[/math] is prevented from exceeding 1.
Time-Independent Phase Field Modeling
Material Properties
The isotropic variational mechanics model using a single energy release rate that scales evolution of damage. The critical energy release rate is enter using the base material JIc property. The other needed material properties are as follows:
| Property | Description | Units | Default |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Isotropic Properties) | Enter all properties needed to define the underlying isotropic material response | varies | varies |
| ell | Length scale parameter used in variational fracture mechanics | length units | none |
| viscosity | Viscosity to use when solving coupled phase field evolution in a diffusion tasks | viscosity units | none |
| gd | Softening law with options 0 = quadratic, 1 = exponential, 2 = linear softening | none | 0 |
| garg | An optional argument for use within the softening law. If not provided, default values depend on gd and are 1, 3, and 4, for gd = 0, 1, or 2, respectively | none | varies |
| stability | A stability factor thought to stabilize post-failure analysis | none | 0 |
| partition | Chose the method used to partition energy into energy that causes fracture and energy that does not cause fracture. The options are 0 = using eigenstrain analysis and 1 = divide into pressure and deviatoric strains | none | 1 |
| (other) | Properties common to all materials | varies | varies |
The results in Miehe [1] correspond to gd = 1, garg = 1, and partition = 0. These choices give poor results in some problems. This material has extension that can explore different phase field options.
History Variables
This material stores several history variables that track the extent of the damage and evolution of the phase field:
- Maximum energy history term that provides source terms for phase field evolution
- Damage state equation to 0 if not failed and 1 if failure (i.e., phase value has reached 1)
- Current phase field value
- Change in phase field since the last time step. It is used in constitutive law modeled and is scaled by 0.5 when using USAVG method.