Transversely Isotropic Softening Material

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Constitutive Law

This MPM Material is a transversely isotropic, elastic material, but once it fails, it develops anisotropic damage.[1] The material is available only in OSParticulas (and still in development).The constitutive law for this material is

      [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\sigma} = (\mathbf{I} - \mathbf{D}) \mathbf{C}( \mathbf{\varepsilon}- \mathbf{\varepsilon}_{res}) }[/math]

where C is stiffness tensor for the underlying transversely isotropic material and D is an anisotropic 4th rank damage tensor appropriate for damage in transversely isotropic materials, and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{\varepsilon}_{res} }[/math] is any residual strain (such as thermal or solvent induced strains).

Damage Initiation

Damage initiation is controlled by attaching a damage initiation law to the material. These laws define a failure envelop. Once the response reaches the envelop, the damage process is initiated and the normal to the envelop defines the normal to the crack plane modeled by this damage mechanics material. The normal is need to find the anisotropic D tensor (which involves rotating analysis into the crack axis system where the x axis is aligned with the crack normal.

The only damage surface currently available for a transversely isotropic materials in the TIFailureSurface initiation law.

Damage Evolution

Damage evolution is determined by softening laws laws to predict degradation of normal and shear tractions across the crack plane. You need to attach foir softening laws to this material. These two laws handle degradation of axial modulus (EA), axial shear modulus (GA), transverse tensile modulus (ET) and transverse shear modulus (GT). Areas under these laws correspond to fracture toughnesses GIc and lumped GIIc/GIIIc for the material for various crack orientations.

In brief, this material models crack initiation and propagation through damage mechanics. The softening laws properties tie the damage mechanics to toughness properties for the material. The scheme can handle interacting cracks (which become interacting damage zones) and 3D cracks. MPM modeling using this material is described in a recent paper[1].

Material Properties

When the material is undamaged, its response is identical to properties entered for the underlying transversely isotropic material. Once those are specified, you have to attach one damage initiation law and four softening laws to define how the material responds after initiation of damage.

Property Description Units Default
(Isotropic Properties) Enter all properties needed to define the underlying transversely isotropic material response varies varies
Initiation Attach damage initiation law by name or ID that is compatible with isotropic materials. Once attached, enter all required material properties for that law. none TIFailure
SofteningEA Attach a softening law (by name or ID) for propagation of tensile damage that changes EA. Once attached, enter all required properties for that law by prefacing each property with "EA-". none Linear
SofteningGA Attach a softening law (by name or ID) for propagation of shear damage that changes GA. Once attached, enter all required properties for that law by prefacing each property with "GA-". none Linear
SofteningET Attach a softening law (by name or ID) for propagation of tensile damage that changes ET. Once attached, enter all required properties for that law by prefacing each property with "ET-". none Linear
SofteningGT Attach a softening law (by name or ID) for propagation of shear damage that changes GT. Once attached, enter all required properties for that law by prefacing each property with "GT-". none Linear
shearFailureSurface Select failure surface assumed when modeling shear damage in 3D calculations. Use 1 for an elliptical failure criterion based on current degraded shear strengths. Use 0 for a rectangular failure surface that encloses the elliptical failure criterion. The elliptical surface is preferred, but rectangular is more efficient. none 1
(other) Properties common to all materials varies varies

History Variables

This material stores several history variables that track the extent of the damage and orientation of the damage plane:

  1. 0, 0.9, 1.1, 1.9, or 2.1 to indicate undamaged (0), damage propagation (0.9 or 1.1), or post failure (decohesion) state of the particle (1.9 or 2.1). 0.9 and 1.9 indicate the failure initiated by tensile strength while 1.1 and 2.1 indicate failure initiated by shear strength.
  2. δn or the maximum normal cracking strain.
  3. δxy or the maximum x-y shear cracking strain.
  4. δxz or the maximum x-z cracking strain (zero for 2D).
  5. dn or damage variable for normal loading. It varies from 0 to 1 where 1 is complete damage or failure.
  6. dxy or damage variable for x-y shear loading. It varies from 0 to 1 where 1 is complete damage or failure.
  7. dxz or damage variable for x-z shear loading. It varies from 0 to 1 where 1 is complete damage or failure (zero for 2D).
  8. For 2D it is cos(θ), but for 3D it is Euler angle α.
  9. For 2D it is sin(θ), but for 3D it is Euler angle β.
  10. For 2D it is not used, but for 3D it is Euler angle γ.
  11. Ac/Vp where Ac is crack area within the particle and Vp is particle volume.

Variables 8-10 define the normal to the damage crack plane. For 2D, θ is the counter clockwise angle from the x axis to the crack normal. For 3D, (α, β, γ) are the three Euler angles for the normal direction using a Z-Y-Z rotation scheme. You can use the damagenormal archiving option to save enough information for plotting the normal.

This material also tracks the cracking strain which can be saved by using the plasticstrain archiving option. The strain is archived in the global axis system. If you also archive the damagenormal, you will be able to plot a vector along the crack-opening displacement vector.

Examples

Material "isosoft","Isotropic Softening Material",50
  E 1000
  nu .33
  a 60
  rho 1
  largeRotation 1
  Initiation MaxPrinciple
  sigmac 30
  tauc 20
  SofteningI Linear
  I-Gc 10000
  SofteningII Linear
  II-Gc 10000
Done

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 J. A. Nairn, C. Hammerquist, and Y. E. Aimene (2016), Numerical Implementation of Anisotropic Damage Mechanics, submitted.